Insulin Resistance: the Metabolic Syndrome X read

Insulin Resistance: the Metabolic Syndrome X. Ami Laws, Gerald M. Reaven

Insulin Resistance: the Metabolic Syndrome X

Download Insulin Resistance: the Metabolic Syndrome X

Insulin Resistance: the Metabolic Syndrome X Ami Laws, Gerald M. Reaven ebook pdf
Publisher: Humana Press
Language: English
Page: 385
ISBN: 0896035883, 9780896035881

From The New England Journal of Medicine

With the discovery of insulin in 1922, the study of diabetes was changed forever. From that time forward, it has been difficult to discuss the pathophysiology of diabetes without in some way referring to this critical metabolic hormone, which is a life-saving treatment in patients who lack it. The role of insulin in diabetes proved to be far more complex than its absence, however. Research over the past 60 years has gradually revealed that disease caused by resistance to insulin (type 2, or non-insulin-dependent, diabetes) is more prevalent than that due to the absence of insulin (type 1 diabetes). This realization, now universally accepted, caused researchers to emphasize the study of insulin-signaling pathways and to initiate efforts to treat the disease with drugs meant to alleviate the resistant state. The thiazolidinediones are a class of drug that fulfill this need; they represent a therapeutic milestone. But the problem of insulin resistance extends far beyond type 2 diabetes, in ways that were totally unanticipated. Gerald Reaven was among the pioneers in this burgeoning field. He identified insulin resistance as a risk factor for and pathophysiologic trigger of disorders as apparently unconnected as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polycystic ovary disease. Reaven and Laws have now brought together the diverse elements of this field in a book that will be of broad interest to the medical community.

The book has three parts. The first part contains seven chapters about various aspects of the genetic and environmental factors that affect the action of insulin. The subjects of these chapters include the genetic epidemiology of insulin resistance, the variations in insulin resistance among ethnic groups, and the effects of body-fat distribution, exercise, and smoking. This section is uneven in quality but contains much valuable information that is hard to find in one place.

The second part comprises six chapters concerning insulin resistance. The first chapter reviews the molecular basis of insulin resistance, including evidence of defects at the level of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor. Three chapters examine the basis of insulin resistance in the three key target organs for the metabolic action of insulin: liver, skeletal muscle, and fat. It is increasingly recognized that the consequences of insulin resistance, and the mechanisms for insulin resistance, are highly tissue-specific, and these chapters are valuable summaries of what is known about this topic. The chapter on nuclear magnetic resonance as a noninvasive probe of the mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans is the best review of this field that I have encountered.

The real excitement in this field derives from an examination of the important clinical syndromes that are viewed, at least by the authors, as being associated with -- and possibly caused by -- insulin resistance. In the third part of the book, discussions of cardiovascular disorders predominate; the chapters cover the links between insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, hypertension, microalbuminuria, cardiovascular disease, and fibrinolysis. Much work in this area has been heavily based on associations between insulin resistance, as assessed by hyperinsulinemia or insulin-clamp techniques, and various end points, such as blood pressure. The missing ingredient has been precise mechanistic links allowing investigators to distinguish between noncausal associations and direct causal effects. On the basis of the assessments in these chapters, we still have a way to go in this regard. The ability of insulin to induce expression of the prothrombotic molecule plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 is an excellent example of how future studies may evolve. The availability of thiazolidinediones that act directly to reduce insulin resistance may prove the most rapid route to defining unambiguously the role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of the diverse disorders to which it has been linked. Recent studies make it clear that reducing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with thiazolidinediones improves hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary disease, as reviewed in the final chapter.

The study of insulin resistance will continue to evolve as new insights into insulin signaling emerge and as better drugs to treat the disorder become available. This book is an excellent and useful compendium of information about this rapidly moving field. It will be an essential addition to the libraries of those interested in any of the disorders linked to this prevalent metabolic state.

Review

"Gerald Reaven was among the pioneers in this burgeoning field. He identified insulin resistance as a risk factor for and pathophysiologic trigger of disorders as apparently unconnected as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and polycystic ovary disease. Reaven and Laws have now brought together the diverse elements of this field in a book that will be of broad interest to the medical community. . .This book is an excellent and useful compendium of information about this rapidly moving field. It will be an essential addition to the libraries of those interested in any of the disorders linked to this prevalent metabolic state."-New England Journal of Medicine "the authors present a critical analysis and overview of the latest research in this fast changing field. . .an authoritative work on the current state of the knowledge on insulin resistance, and its major role in the pathogenesis and development of accelerated atherosclerosis and premature cardiovascular disease-the bane of modern civilization. It is of value to all basic and clinical researchers in this field."-Quarterly Review of Biology " This is an excellent book that will be particularly informative for those readers who are interested in understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance and the clinical and public health consequences of the metabolic syndrome. It should find a place on the bookshelves not only of scientists actively involved in this area of research but also of practicing physicians and medical students." ---Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases " Each section stands out as an in-depth review of the literature on each topic. Subject matter overlaps little among the chapters, and each chapter can be read independently." ---Annals of Internal Medicine "Who better to edit and contribute to a book on insulin resistance than Gerald Reaven, ...As a major contributor to the notion of a 'metabolic syndrome', Reaven has helped develop our ideas in this area for many years, bringing a pattern of thinking to an extremely complex area....the breadth of the book and the universally clear presentation and focus suggest that there should be something for everyone. Laws contributes an excellent chapter on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and CVD,...remarkably consistent across the chapters, they were well focused, logically presented and comprehensive....The insulin resistance framework forms a pattern that has proven remarkably important in helping develop research strategies and this book helped me understand the many and varied facets of this pattern." -Elsevier Science

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